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TOKYO: While US bosses are under fire for "fat-cat" bonuses, Japanese executives have largely avoided a row over corporate greed by cutting their own pay or even working for free during the economic crisis.
When US auto bosses were being lambasted recently for flying to Washington in private jets to plead for government aid, the head of Japan Airlines (JAL), Asia's biggest carrier, was taking the bus to work with regular commuters.
JAL president Haruka Nishimatsu cut his own pay and even lines up with other employees for lunch in the company cafeteria.
At Japanese computer chip maker Elpida Memory, group president Yukio Sakamoto voluntarily went without a salary for two months last year to help turn around the group's poor performance.
He is not the only one making sacrifices. According to a survey by the Nikkei business daily, the heads of more than 200 listed Japanese firms have cut their own pay since last April.
Toyota Motor, the world's biggest automaker, has scrapped executive bonuses this year.
Even before the recession began, Japanese bosses' salaries were relatively modest compared with their US peers.
"Japan's CEO compensation is much lower compared to the United States," said Professor Hideaki Miyajima, a corporate governance expert at Waseda University.
The main reason is that a Japanese boss is a kind of a "representative of the employees" and will have typically joined the firm as a graduate and competed with colleagues for promotion.
In this kind of situation it is hard to pay the company head significantly more than colleagues of a similar age, he said.
In fact, a chief executive in the United States earns about four times as much as a Japanese CEO, according to a survey by the human resources firm Towers Perrin published in 2006.
Of course, most Japanese executives are still whisked to the office in chauffeur-driven cars, but in general they do not flaunt their wealth and bosses are often quick to step down when things start to go wrong.
Indeed, the presidents of companies including Toyota, Sony, Toshiba, Honda and Hitachi have all recently bowed out -- in many cases to make way for a younger generation of leaders to lead the firms through the economic downturn.
The humble approach in Japan, where it is common to see bosses bowing in apology in front of the news cameras, has helped executives here to avoid the kind of backlash seen in the United States over corporate excess.
The woes of once-mighty US companies have prompted debate in Japan over whether firms should put the brakes on a slow shift towards Western-style practices, such as performance-related pay.
"Japanese corporate culture is in a bit of an identity crisis at the moment," said Professor Noriko Hama at Doshisha Business School in Kyoto.
"I think there is a lot of soul-searching about the way companies were headed before this crisis hit. A lot of Japanese executives were saying, 'We need to get away from the old Japanese way of doing things.' That's really starting to change again but nobody really knows where to go from here."
Experts say that the row in the United States over the multimillion-dollar bonuses paid out by insurance giant AIG after being bailed out by Washington is likely to make Japanese firms remain wary about linking pay to performance.
One prominent US Senator even suggested that top AIG executives ought to quit or commit suicide, which he described as the Japanese model of honourably taking responsibility.
Japan has not had to save its banks or automakers from collapse during the current downturn, but companies including Toyota and Honda have said they may apply for government loans because of difficulties raising credit.
And while they have avoided a row over their pay, Japanese companies have angered workers with a wave of layoffs. Firms including Toyota, Sony and Canon were all quick to slash jobs when the recession began.
"People do feel that the corporate leadership has become very disloyal to the workers. It is that aspect that they find the most unforgivable," said Hama.
Japanese companies "had a lot of surplus cash that they chose to keep and to get rid of people. The workers saw that as a betrayal."
- AFP/yt
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