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Commentary: Transporting big COVID-19 vaccine batches isn’t working for far-flung parts of the US
The vaccines' cold storage requirements and shipment rules put small, rural communities at a disadvantage, but that's only part of a long-running challenge, say two Binghamton University observers.
A healthcare worker carries a tray of prepared doses of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine at the Del-Pest Central Hospital as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak continues, in Budapest, Hungary, December 26, 2020. (Photo: Szilard Koszticsak/Pool via REUTERS)
NEW YORK CITY: The enormous job of vaccinating the nation is underway, but for rural Americans, getting a COVID-19 vaccine becomes harder the farther they are from urban centres.
The current vaccines’ cold storage requirements and shipping rules mean many rural hospitals can’t serve as vaccination distribution hubs.
That can leave rural residents – about 20 per cent of the US population in all – traveling long distances, if they’re able to travel at all.
Getting the word to rural residents about when they can be vaccinated isn’t easy either, and the extraordinary amount of misinformation downplaying the risk of the coronavirus this past year has had an impact on rural residents’ willingness to get the vaccine.
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THE PROBLEM WITH BIG BATCHES AND COLD STORAGE
The first two authorised vaccines – one made by Pfizer and BioNTech and the other by Moderna – are mRNA vaccines.
It’s a new type of vaccine that uses the molecular instructions for building virus proteins rather than injecting parts of the weakened virus itself. Both must be kept in very cold temperatures.
To ensure stability, the vaccine doses are shipped in special containers with dry ice, and for now, vaccines are being delivered only in large batches. The Pfizer vaccine is shipped in increments of 975 doses at a time, which creates a challenge for small hospitals.
Urban areas will be able to quickly distribute those doses, but finding enough patients to vaccinate quickly in rural areas may prove more difficult.
Moderna’s vaccine is somewhat more manageable, with a minimum order of 100 doses.
Both vaccines also require two doses per person, with the second dose of Pfizer’s vaccine given 21 days later and Moderna’s 28 days.
As a result, the vaccine distribution efforts will favour hubs that cater to more populated areas to avoid wasting any vaccine or leaving patients unable to get their second dose.
Cold storage is another challenge, since small hospitals are less likely to have expensive freezers. The Pfizer vaccine must be stored at minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 70 Celsius) and Moderna’s at minus 4 Fahrenheit.
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There are limits on how many times the vaccine shipping containers can be opened and how quickly the vaccines must be distributed. Once thawed and prepared, the Pfizer vaccine must be used within five days and Moderna’s within 30 days.
Each patient must receive both doses of the vaccine from the same manufacturer to ensure safety and effectiveness, adding to the challenge. Manufacturers have included personal dosing cards for patients to carry with them to help address this challenge.
FAR-FLUNG PARTS OF US NEED HELP
Rural America already has difficult barriers to healthcare access.
It has fewer health care providers serving a more geographically diverse population than in metropolitan communities. And in many of these areas, rural hospitals have been closing at an alarming rate, leaving people to travel farther for care.
The population is also older. Public transportation that could help poor or elderly residents reach hospitals is rare, and distance and geography, such as mountain roads, can mean driving to those sites takes time.
Getting accurate information about the vaccine and how to receive it into rural areas has also proved difficult. Many rural counties still have limited access to broadband Internet connections, smartphone service and other technologies.
That often means residents rely on television, newspapers and radio for news, which can limit the depth and scope of information.
While some rural counties have started getting the word out, many don’t not seem to have specific plans on how to inform their residents about how and when each person can get the vaccine, let alone specific plans for actually giving it. They often rely just on local press releases that many residents never see.
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Rural nonprofit health care organisations have tried to bridge that gap and improve rural communications about vaccines and the pandemic.
Care Compass Network, which coordinates organisations across southern New York, has offered educational webinars with the latest information about the virus and the vaccines, for example. But there is still much work to do.
Rural Americans’ views on vaccines are influenced by media and word of mouth, politics and religion, as well as previous experience with vaccinations and, perhaps most importantly, the difficulty of accessing healthcare.
In a survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation in December, about 35 per cent of rural Americans said they probably or definitely would not get the vaccine, higher than the 27 per cent nationwide.
SMALLER BATCHES, BETTER COMMUNICATIONS
Getting enough of the US vaccinated to eventually end the pandemic will require more work in all of these areas.
That includes improving shipping and storage processes so orders can be broken up and distributed to smaller hospitals, distributing more vaccine doses, and improving communication.
With Moderna’s vaccine arriving in smaller batches and not requiring such low temperatures for stability, it may prove to be more accessible for rural areas in the near future.
Utah has already taken advantage of those characteristics to get initial doses to smaller hospitals outside its urban areas and has started vaccinating health care providers. Pfizer has said it may be able to offer smaller batches by April.
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Other vaccines on the horizon are also expected to have less stringent storage requirements and may potentially be delivered in a one-shot method rather than a two-dose series.
The falling number of rural hospitals still remains a challenge for getting vaccines to patients, though.
Allowing community pharmacies to offer the vaccine – particularly if independent pharmacies are included – could eventually help expand the distribution network in rural areas.
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Bennett Doughty is Clinical Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice, Binghamton University, State University of New York. Pamela Stewart Fahs is Professor of Rural Nursing at the same University. This commentary first appeared in The Conversation.
